2013년 11월 23일 토요일

About 'trinity college psychology'|...Brave Mexican-Americans. Thanks to Dr. Donald Everett, history professor of Trinity University, I have a copy of a story in the January 14, 1919 San Antonio Express with the...







About 'trinity college psychology'|...Brave Mexican-Americans. Thanks to Dr. Donald Everett, history professor of Trinity University, I have a copy of a story in the January 14, 1919 San Antonio Express with the...








Oscar               Wilde's               play               An               Ideal               Husband,               informs               and               reflects               upon               events               that               were               going               on               in               his               personal               life.

He               uses               the               play               to               communicate               his               feelings               and               express               his               disdain               about               everything               from               anti-imperialism,               religion,               moral               values,               Victorian               ideals,               family               and               sexuality.

It               may               not               be               clear               to               the               average               reader               or               playgoer,               but               after               explicating               the               text               we               are               able               to               clearly               see               the               parallel               between               his               life               and               his               literature.

In               order               to               engage               all               of               the               elements               in               the               play               that               is               erected               from               Wilde's               psychology               and               personal               experiences,               we               must               familiarize               ourselves               with               the               details               of               his               life.

After               we               become               acquainted               with               his               vim               and               vigor,               we               are               able               apprehend               the               palpable               links               between               his               personal               experiences               and               those               in               represented               in               An               Ideal               Husband.
               Oscar               Wilde               was               born               on               October16,               1854,               to               William               Wide               and               Lady               Jane               Francesca               Wilde               in               Dublin.

They               also               had               another               son,               Willie,               who               was               2               when               Oscar               was               born.

His               father               was               a               leading               eye               and               ear               surgeon               who               wrote               books               about               his               medical               practice,               in               addition               to               poems,               memoirs               and               travel               guides.

His               mother               was               a               major               activist               for               the               "Green               Movement",               which               stood               for               Irish               Independence.

She               too,               was               a               writer               and               went               by               the               pen               name               of               Speranza.

In               addition               to               writing               political               pieces               for               Irish               Independence,               she               penned               poems,               criticisms               and               pieces               that               promoted               women's               liberation.

She               was               a               brilliant               woman               with               acute               cleverness               and               wit.

Oscar               certainly               inherited               those               traits;               "He               later               exhibited               her               preference               for               rising               in               the               afternoon,               would               affect               an               aversion               to               the               sun,               harbor               a               passion               for               classical               verse,               and               show               skill               in               entertaining               the               literati               by               exaggerating               truth               and               myth               alike               to               produce               remarkable               and               endless               stories"               ("The               Picture               of               Oscar               Wilde:               A               Brief               Life").
               The               parents'               notoriety               and               interests               provided               Oscar               with               a               fascinating               home               arena               and               nurtured               his               intellect               and               craft.

When               Wilde               was               9               years               old               he               began               attending               the               Portora               Royal               School.

This               school               was               known               for               providing               an               education               that               was               on               the               liberal               side;               rich               with               the               classics.

The               head               master               of               the               school               was               William               Steele,               who               aimed               "to               develop               a               school               that               would               not               only               be               the               best               in               Ireland,               but               which               could               compete               with               the               best               schools               in               England"               (Coakley               79).

Around               the               same               time,               William               Wilde               acquired               a               pastoral               estate               around               Cong,               which               according               to               Coakley               "moved               his               family               from               the               ranks               of               'loyal               professional               people'               into               the               ranks               of               'country               gentry',               with               the               attendant               social               advantages"               (94).

This               move               threw               Oscar               into               a               new               environment,               where               he               experienced               the               pressure               of               Victorian               social               classes.

Aristocracy               was               an               obsession               that               resulted               in               people               lacking               any               individuality,               as               they               all               strictly               adhered               to               Victorian               ideals.
               Oscar's               parents               stressed               the               oppression               that               England               cultivated,               as               Ireland               was               a               colony               of               the               United               Kingdom,               "enforcing               dependence               that               most               Irish               deeply               resented"               (Dell'Amico).

They               made               sure               to               keep               their               past               alive               by               familiarizing               Oscar               with               Irish               myths,               legends               and               supernatural.

This               "cultivation               of               mystique               worked,               and               through               a               combination               of               strange               behavior,               entertaining               storytelling,               and               effortless               academic               prowess-all               of               which               attributes               were               somewhat               gained               by               his               uniqueness               as               an               Irishman               steeped               in               domestic               myth               and               tradition-Wilde               was               a               star               before               he               had               really               published               anything               at               all"               ("The               Picture               of               Oscar               Wilde:               A               Brief               Life").
               In               1871               Wilde               went               on               to               Trinity               College               Dublin               where               he               received               numerous               awards               and               acclimates.

He               obtained               a               scholarship               in               1874               to               attend               Magdalen               College,               Oxford.

He               became               very               close               to               John               Ruskin               and               Walter               Pater,               who               were               his               tutors.

Ruskin               shared               his               love               for               the               Middle               Ages               and               Pater               shared               his               passion               for               the               Renaissance.

"At               Oxford,               Wilde               was               also               introduced               to               the               joys               of               combining               Mahaffey's               Greek               ideal               with               homosexuality-the               University's               young               men,               according               to               several               biographers,               expressed               delight               in               each               other's               beauty               and               brilliance,               and               Wilde               later               wrote               of               the               pleasures               of               strolling               through               the               grounds               observing               his               pleasant               peers"               ("The               Picture               of               Oscar               Wilde:               A               Brief               Life").

While               attending               Oxford,               Wilde               received               the               Newdigate               Prize               for               his               poem               "Ravenna."
               Things               on               his               family               front               were               not               going               as               smoothly.

His               father               William               "fell               from               grace               as               one               of               Dublin's               most               prominent               men,               financially               and               (to               a               degree)               socially               ruined               by               scandal,               illness,               and               mental               breakdown"               ("The               Picture               of               Oscar               Wilde:               A               Brief               Life").

After               his               death,               the               Wilde               family               was               plagued               by               debt               and               public               scrutiny.

His               mother               relocated               to               London               for               a               fresh               start.

Oscar               had               personal               drama               as               well,               when               his               girlfriend               Florence               Balcombe               broke               off               their               relationship               and               married               Bram               Stroker.

He               found               this               time               to               be               the               perfect               opportunity               to               visit               the               United               States.
               In               1882               Wilde               met               Constance               Lloyd,               who               he               married               in               May               of               1884.

Many               questioned               their               compatibility.

She               was               a               sweet               and               beautiful               woman               who               adored               Oscar               but               lacked               the               wit               and               intellect               that               Oscar's               mother               possessed.

Her               uncomplicated               demeanor               may               have               been               what               originally               attracted               Oscar               to               her               "or               perhaps               Wilde               just               grew               tired               for               a               moment               and               decided               to               settle               down               with               the               first               available               love.

At               any               rate,               the               two               had               a               quite               horrible               marriage               and               two               children               whom               Wilde               largely               ignored"               ("The               Picture               of               Oscar               Wilde:               A               Brief               Life").

Oscar               escaped               domestic               life               by               putting               all               of               his               time               and               energy               into               his               writing.

He               published               several               books               and               essays,               along               the               plays,               The               Importance               of               BeingEarnest,               An               Ideal               Husband,               Lady               Windermere's               Fan,               and               A               Woman               of               No               Importance.
               His               ensuing               fame               resulted               in               the               public's               interest               of               all               of               his               affairs,               including               the               ones               that               took               place               outside               of               his               marriage.

He               led               a               secret               life,               unbeknownst               to               his               wife               and               developed               an               intimate               relationship               with               Lord               Alfred               Douglas.

Around               the               time               he               was               writing               An               Ideal               Husband,Lord               Alfred               loaned               a               suit               to               his               friend               James               Wood.

Wood               found               a               love               letter               from               Wilde               in               the               pocket               and               attempted               to               blackmail               Wilde.

Lord               Douglas               was               also               at               odds               with               his               father,               Lord               Queensberry,               who               made               it               his               mission               to               bring               Oscar               down.

Wilde               fought               back               on               Queensberry's               claims               and               filed               a               suit               against               him.

Around               this               time,               love               letters               that               he               had               written               to               Lord               Alfred               were               made               public.

Wilde               finished               writing               the               play               and               said               to               his               peer,               Charles               Ricketts,               "It               was               written               for               ridiculous               puppets               to               play               and               the               critics               will               say               'Ah,               here               is               Oscar               unlike               himself!-'though               in               reality               I               became               engrossed               in               writing               it               and               it               contains               a               great               deal               of               the               real               Oscar"               (Ellman               410).

A               vigilant               reading               of               his               play               corroborates               his               remark.
               Unfortunately,               Wilde               was               soon               brought               up               on               sodomy               charges               and               remained               in               jail               until               1898.

Following               his               release               he               moved               to               France.

Low               on               income,               and               cast               off               from               the               public,               he               died               on               November               30,               1900,               in               a               Paris               hotel,               from               cerebral               meningitis.
               One               of               Wilde's               most               famous               critics,               Rodney               Shewan,               asserted               that               the               predicament               of               the               Chiltern's               is               "identical               to               the               plight               of               the               Wilde's               on               Tite               Street"               (Shewan).

Tite               Street               is               in               the               Chelsea               district               of               London               where,               he               lived               with               wife               Constance               Lloyd               until               his               ruinous               trial               and               succeeding               incarceration.
               The               Chilterns               are               a               political               family               that               are               concerned               with               the               public's               perception               of               them               and               will               do               anything               to               maintain               their               pristine               image.

Politicians               and               their               scandals               were               a               popular               theme               for               plays               at               this               time               (the               Yellow               Nineties).

Typically               the               accused               politician               would               quit               their               job               to               pacify               the               public's               ethics.

It's               interesting               to               note               that               in               An               Ideal               Husband,               Robert               Chiltern               opts               to               keep               his               position               and               preserve               his               wife's               affection               towards               him.

Wilde,               like               Chiltren,               led               a               double               life               with               his               sexual               deviances               and               still               maintained               a               somewhat               cordial               relationship               with               Constance.
               Debate               concerning               the               diverse               principles               of               manner               between               men               and               women               was               ongoing.

A               woman's               worth               was               attributed               with               her               "virtue"               whereas               men               were               ranked               according               to               their               money               and               power.

Man's               public               and               private               life               were               often               brought               to               the               forefront               to               address               these               double               standards.

Biographer               Kerry               Powell               attends               to               this               in               his               book,               Oscar               Wilde               and               the               Theatre               of               the               1890s.

Powell               states               "Wilde               was               not               only               making               an               ironic               comment               on               public               morality               but               also               offering               a               psychologically               acute               observation               on               the               necessity               of               moral               compromise               from               the               standpoint               of               a               man               who               had               long               to               perform               a               similar               balancing               act               in               his               own               life.

In               this               context               even               the               play's               title               carries               ironic               implications,               for               the               perfect               husband               is               not               humanly               possible.

Wilde               extends               the               note               of               irony               to               the               name               of               his               main               character:               traditionally               the               term               "taking               the               Chiltern               Hundreds"               meant               a               politician               had               decided               to               resign"               (Powell               204-205).

Oscar,               like               Sir               Robert               Chiltern,               was               married               to               an               honest               and               reputable               woman.

Chiltern's               past               indiscretions               come               back               to               haunt               him               as               does               Wilde's               homosexual               relationships.
               If               Chitern               had               resigned               from               the               Cabinet,               he               would               have               suffered               financially.

This               theme               mirrors               Wilde's               financial               instability,               as               Lord               Alfred               Douglas               led               an               excessive               lifestyle               with               his               family's               fortunes.

When               his               father               found               out               about               his               relationship               with               Wilde,               he               put               a               tight               leash               on               Douglas'               finances.

Oscar               suffered,               as               he               had               come               to               rely               on               him               for               monetary               stability.
               Mrs.

Cheveley               threatens               to               blackmail               him               (Wilde               was               blackmailed               as               well)               if               he               doesn't               support               the               Argentinean               Canal               sham.

If               her               knowledge               of               his               past               misdeed               became               public,               he               would               not               only               find               himself               in               the               midst               of               scandal,               but               could               possibly               loose               Gertrude's               love               and               fail               at               being               "an               ideal               husband."               Chiltern               committed               his               offense               prior               to               marrying               his               wife,               as               opposed               to               Wilde               whom               executed               his               while               married.

Wilde's               wife               and               sons               suffered               from               his               indecencies,               where               the               Chiltern's               avoided               public               humiliation.

"The               problems               the               Chiltern's               face               are               thus               a               simplified               stylized               version               of               the               real               life               dilemma               Wilde               was               grappling               with-               a               theoretical               model,               so               to               speak,               which               allowed               Wilde               to               express               his               feelings               and               attitudes               concerning               trust               in               marriage"(Schnitzer).
               Throughout               the               play,               the               characters               voice               opinions               about               Victorian               society               and               its               principles,               along               with               the               standards               of               civic               morality.

When               Mrs.

Cheveley               tells               Chiltern               that               she               will               expose               him               if               he               doesn't               comply               with               her               scheme               she               says               something               that               illustrates               the               significance               of               standards               of               communal               morality               of               the               time,               "Remember               to               what               a               point               your               Puritism               in               England               has               brought               you...Scandals               used               to               lend               charm,               or               at               least               interest,               to               a               man;               now               they               crush               him.

And               yours               is               a               very               nasty               scandal.

You               couldn't               survive               it...Sooner               or               later               we               all               have               to               pay               for               what               we               do"               (495-496).

This               statement               foreshadows               what               happened               to               Wilde               after               his               indiscretions               were               made               public.

He               could               only               hide               his               secret               life               for               so               long.

After               the               public               became               privy               to               his               wrongdoings               he               was               shunned               by               others               and               put               in               jail.

His               secret               was               extremely               scandalous,               as               that               of               Chiltern's.
               In               Act               2               Chiltern               explains               the               situation               involving               his               past               offense               to               Lord               Goring.

He               depicts               his               encounter               with               Baron               Arnheim               in               an               appealing               way,               speaking               more               about               the               lure               of               the               Baron's               lifestyle               and               possessions               that               drove               him               to               sin.

"I               remember               so               well               how,               with               a               strange               smile               on               his               pale,               curved               lips,               he               led               me               through               his               wonderful               picture               gallery,               showed               me               his               tapestries,               his               enamels,               his               jewels,               his               carved               ivories,               made               me               wonder               at               the               strange               loveliness               of               the               luxury               in               which               he               lived;               and               then               told               me               that               luxury               was               nothing               but               a               background,               a               painted               scene               in               a               play,               and               that               power,               
               power               over               other               men,               power               over               the               world,               was               the               one               thing               worth               having,               
               the               one               supreme               pleasure               worth               knowing,               the               one               joy               one               never               tired               of,               
               and               that               in               our               century               only               the               rich               possessed               it"               (505).
               Chiltern               is               enticed               by               the               Baron's               power               and               assets.

His               description               is               filled               with               sentiment               and               sounds               like               a               seduction               of               sorts.

Critic               Carol               Shnitzer               attends               to               this               in               her               essay               A               husband's               tragedy:               the               relationship               between               art               and               life               in               Oscar               
               Wilde's               An               Ideal               Husband.

"The               young,               naive               Chiltern               was               initiated               into               forbidden               pleasures               by               the               older,               more               knowledgeable               one,               a               process               that               made               his               eventual               capitulation               to               the               Baron's               request               for               information               inevitable.

It               is               perhaps               relevant               at               this               point               to               note               that               in               late-Victorian               England               the               word               strange,               used               twice               by               Wilde               in               the               foregoing               passage               to               describe               the               Baron               and               his               way               of               life,               often               had               homosexual               overtones.

Thus               initiated               by               the               Baron,               Chiltern               in               his               turn               can               enjoy               the               privileges               that               only               money               and               rank               can               buy,               privileges               that               Wilde               in               his               own               private               life               tried               to               buy               
               with               the               literary               fame               and               success               he               had               craved--as               he               bought               boys               with               silver               watches               and               cigarette               cases--learning               too               late               that               immunity               from               public               judgment               was               reserved               only               for               those               born               to               privilege.

Through               Chiltern,               Wilde               unconsciously               anticipates               his               experience."
               Again               we               see               Wilde               reflecting               on               his               own               life               and               experiences               by               placing               his               characters               in               situations               that               involve               temptation               and               sin.

His               multiple               use               of               the               word               strange               is               unlikely               coincidence               alone.

Lord               Goring               advises               Chiltern               to               come               clean               to               his               wife,               explaining               that               women               have               great               instincts,               though               "they               can               discover               everything               except               the               obvious"               (503).

Goring's               quote               allows               us               to               reflect               further               upon               the               parallelisms               between               Chiltern's               fictional               situation               and               Wilde's               real               ones.

Wilde's               wife               had               to               have               some               idea               that               her               husband               was               cheating.

Their               relationship               was               deteriorating               and               he               was               becoming               less               and               less               present               and               rational.
               In               1893               when               Wilde               began               writing               An               Ideal               Husband,               his               marriage               was               already               on               the               line.

Biographer,               Richard               Ellman               describes               a               particular               incident               between               Wilde               and               his               wife               at               that               time;               "he               and               Constance               had               grown               so               far               apart               that               one               day               when               she               arrived               at               the               hotel               where               he               was               staying               with               Douglas               (in               a               room               with               one               double               bed)               to               give               him               his               mail               and               to               ask               him               when               he               was               coming               home,               he               pretended               to               have               forgotten               the               house               number               (Ellman               394).

Wilde               may               have               been               so               upset               over               letting               his               wife               down,               that               it               was               easier               to               simply               ignore               her               and               the               situation               that               he               put               her               in.

Similarly,               after               Chiltern               has               an               argument               with               his               wife               over               his               misdeed,               he               tells               Lord               Goring,               "I               was               brutal               to               her               this               evening.

But               I               suppose               when               sinners               talk               to               saints               they               are               brutal               always"               (529).

This               quote               addresses               Chiltern's               guilt               in               addition               to               the               remorse               that               Wilde               felt.
               Wilde's               wife               was               described               as               a               simple               and               honest               woman               who               was               loyal               to               him,               even               after               he               was               arrested               and               put               in               jail.

Perhaps               Wilde               uses               Chiltern's               words               to               express               his               apologies               to               his               wife,               as               it               was               easier               to               convey               them               in               a               fictional               dialogue               as               opposed               to               face               to               face.

E.

H               Mikhail               writes               about               how               Wilde               responded               to               critics               in               his               essay;               Self-Revelation               in               An               Ideal               Husband.

"When               asked               in               an               interview               which               point               in               the               play               he               thought               the               critics               had               missed,               he               identified               it               as               "the               difference               in               the               way               in               which               a               man               loves               a               woman               from               that               in               which               a               woman               loves               a               man"--that               is,               the               ideal               
               a               wife               has               of               her               husband               contrasted               with               "the               weakness               of               a               man               who               dares               
               not               show               his               imperfections               to               the               thing               he               loves"               (Mikhail               182).

This               illustrates               that               Wilde               cared               for               his               wife,               to               the               point               where               he               wanted               to               protect               her               from               the               "real"               him.
               Towards               the               end               of               the               second               act,               Chiltern               begs               for               Gertrude's               understanding               and               forgiveness.

He               asks               if               it               is               possible               for               her               to               still               love               him,               knowing               that               he               has               faults               and               is               not               perfect.

Chiltern               adds,               "You               made               your               false               idol               of               me,               and               I               had               not               the               courage               to               come               down,               show               you               my               wounds,               tell               you               my               weaknesses"               (521).

Wilde               is               relaying               his               own               internal               conflict               and               tackling               the               ever               present               debate               over               male               virtue.

"It               is               here               that               the               irony               of               the               play's               title               is               underlined:               like               Chiltern,               Wilde               had               to               play               the               role               in               his               public               and               family               life               of               a               person               who               in               fact               did               not               really               exist,               hiding               his               true               self"               (Mikhail               185-186).

Again               we               see               Wilde               communicating               his               feelings               through               the               character's               dialogues.
               Chiltern               lives               in               a               male               dominated               society               and               he               would               be               considered               less               of               a               man               if               his               faults               were               made               public.

The               fear               of               loosing               power               and               being               ridiculed               by               society               is               overwhelming               to               him.

He               is               afraid               that               others               (Gertrude               in               particular)               will               not               understand               why               he               did               what               he               did               in               the               past.

Wilde               had               the               same               fear               and               hesitancies,               though               for               different               reasons.

Chiltern               comes               clean               to               his               wife,               exposing               his               true               self,               faults               and               all               at               the               end               of               the               play.

Lady               Chiltern               chooses               to               accept               the               real               him               and               love               him               despite               his               imperfections.

This               outcome               may               be               the               one               that               Wilde               wished               for;               when               all               of               his               indiscretions               were               exposed;               not               only               forgiveness               followed,               but               more               importantly               acceptance               of               him               as               the               man               that               he               was.
               We               can               see               the               myriad               of               details               and               ideas               that               Wilde               used               in               An               Ideal               Husband               and               how               they               parallel               his               personal               life               and               experiences.

Familiarizing               ourselves               with               his               psychology               and               environment               grants               us               additional               admittance               to               the               depth               of               the               play.

Although               Wilde               may               have               chosen               not               to               tackle               or               address               every               issue               in               his               life               head               on,               he               answers               questions               and               exposes               truths               in               his               writing.
               Bibliography
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Critical               Essay               on               An               Ideal               Husband,               in               Drama               for               Students,               Vol.

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               Ellmann,               Richard.

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               Mikhail,               E.

H.

"Self-Revelation               in               An               Ideal               Husband."               Modern               Drama               11               (168):               180-               186.
               Powell,               Kerry.

Oscar               Wilde               and               the               theatre               of               the               1890s.

Cambridge:               Cambridge               University               Press,               1990.
               Schnitzer,               Carol.

"A               husband's               tragedy:               the               relationship               between               art               and               life               in               Oscar."               Victorian               Newsletter               Spring               2006,               v109               (2006)               25(5).
               Shewan,               Rodney.

Oscar               Wilde:               Art               and               Egotism.

1.

London:               The               MacMillan               Press,               1977.
               Terpening,               William,               "The               Picture               of               Oscar               Wilde:               A               Brief               Life."               The               Victorian               Web.

1998.

19               Nov               2007               .
               The               Complete               Works               of               Oscar               Wilde.

New               York:               Harper               and               Row,               1989.






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